Identification of Jellyfish and Jelly-like Animals

Communication And Team Working, Evaluate Conflict And...

Reflection empowers nurses to become aware of their own knowledge and actions, to think, evaluate and learn from the experience (Bulman 2013). This reflection will critically analyse an action learning set (ALS) I participated in. I will reflect on communication and team working, evaluate conflict and conflict management. I will also discuss why change is necessary and the need to improve my self-awareness. To help analyse this reflection, I will use the Gibbs model of reflection. Personal action plan, copies of ALS meeting summaries, final presentation and feedback summaries will be included in the appendices. Confidentiality and anonymity will be maintained as required by the Nurses and Midwifes Council (NMC 2013). Marquardt (1999) describe ALS as a group of people who meet regularly to help each other and to learn from each other’s experiences. This involves stopping to reflect on actions taken, reflecting, learning and planning. However, Gibbs developed a model of reflection, which is recognised and used in many fields. The model consists of five stages, description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and the action plan (Oxford Brookes University 2013). We formed a group comprising of eight members. According to Tuckman (1965) forming a group takes several stages; forming storming, norming, performing and adjourning. At the ALS meetings, group members introduced themselves to get to know each other. Each member narrated an experience that they thought wasShow MoreRelatedWhat Causes Conflict Between Team Members And Communication, Structure And Personal Issues1103 Words   |  5 Pagesbe working in teams. A work team is defined as an organized group, committed to the individuals within the group, whose members share the same intent of accomplishing a common goal. 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Conflicts among staff is a major issue within the healthcare system and often time occurs between physician, nurses, patients and their family. Leaders must listen empathetically and intervene when conflict arises. Failure can results in chaos and thus creates a toxic environment for all that can destroy an organization. The purpose of this paper is to

Narration to Process Analysis Free Essays

Going to college can be a scary thing for a kid just getting out of high school. Getting out to spread your wings, being out on your own. Making your own decision. We will write a custom essay sample on Narration to Process Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Deciding what college to go to can be challenging and a hard decision for such a young person. But as an adult that has a job or career and a family going to college or going back to college may think, that’s not an option for them? Or is it? Don’t be nervous about that anymore, they have a solution for a person that has a job, family and someone who wants to go back to school. It’s called online education. You can go to work, keep up with family obligation and YES go back to school, and keep the balance of everyday life. I am going to try to help you keep that balance of going to an online education school and work and the grueling demands of family life. First of all find a reputable online education school, such as Penn Foster. Sign up for the appropriate course you want, as I am studying Medical Assistant. Wait patiently for your materials to come in the mail. When they come look over the everything carefully, set some small goals. Set a pace, make sure you set time aside each day to study of if not everyday make a schedule that works for you, if you have kids and they go to school and you can study during the day that’s a good time of if they take a nap that’s another good time. If you have to work during the day the best time to study is after the children go to bed. I am lucky at the job I have, sometimes I am able to study while I work. My kids are very athletic and are in sports in school, so when they have meets I take my homework with me and do my studies there. I get my books out in between events and read a chapter in my book or I write a paper. The nice thing about Penn Foster is you have no pressure in doing your studies every day. They give you a year to finish a semester. But in the case you can’t finish your semester in the year, you can extend your semester by 6 months at a time for an extra fee. So you say you get sick or the kids get sick and you can’t study for a period of time, you can take it off without any worries that you would have missed in a classroom situation. Take that time off it’s your decision. But it is a good try to keep on schedule you set for yourself in the beginning of the year, so you can keep things fresh in your mind. So I hope I have helped you in the progress of keeping you well balanced between family, work and your studies, studies at Penn Foster with my own experiences on how I kept up with the everyday demands of my hustle and bustle of work, kids and Penn Foster. How to cite Narration to Process Analysis, Essays

Domestic Violence in the Caribbean free essay sample

In an attempt to gain an appreciation of the issue and, in an attempt to also unravel the specifics of the terms, the symbolic interationist school of thought proffered by (Loseke 1992) defined the term ‘wife abuse’ as violence against women. Loseke (1992) described the label wife abuse as not really a label for an event per se, but one that is defined ‘explicitly as a pattern of physical abuse, or as a continuing series of abusive and degrading acts’. She further posited, inter alia, that as a construct, wife abuse is a label for continuous events and hence a battered woman is explicitly defined as a woman who has been systematically and severely beaten by her husband for many years†. Thus, in this context, an occasional ‘slap’ or ‘push’ doesn’t amount to domestic violence. Moreover, as in Trinidad, the cultural construction of wife abuse includes the characteristic that the victim be terrified of the abuser (Loseke 1992). We will write a custom essay sample on Domestic Violence in the Caribbean or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To enhance Loseke’s discourse on ‘wife abuse’, the feminist theory and its role in domestic violence has also been tremendously effective in highlighting the relationship between discrimination and violence against women in society at large and the at-home version of that gender oppression, namely the issue of ‘battering’ (Hamberger and Renzetti 1994). Feminists assert that the battered womens movement was the first to identify the issue of physical abuse of wives by husbands and, aided by other reformers, was able to bring it to public attention (Schecter 1982; Tierey 1982). As a result, wife abuse has been transformed from a private, largely invisible matter, to one viewed as a social problem for which appropriate remedies should be sought. Further, there have been numerous reforms in the legal, governmental, and social services response to battered women (Gelb 1983; Pagelow 1984; Tierney 1982). Symbolic interactionist focuses on the ‘male abuser’ and thus purport that an nderstanding of the abuser’s own construction of himself and his female partner is essential to a theoretical and practical understanding of the dynamics of abuse. Therefore, the decision to be abusive is an active one on the part of the abuser. Abusers plan violent actions through an interactive process that is influenced by their constructions of the self and others. Lempert (1994) alluded that battered women struggle to explain their partners’ violence because it is often shocking and difficult to accept. Women who survive domestic violence often detach themselves from their partner and others to escape from the reality of the violence experienced in their intimate relationships. Athens (1997) further explained that violent offenders use their current self-view, life experience and evaluation of the situation in their decision to act violently. An abuser’s self-image always relates to his or her interpretation of the situation, and that image directly influences how one decides to act for oneself and toward others. Here, the feminist suppositions of Straus et al (1980) and Straus (1983), extends beautifully with the claim of the symbolic interactionist (Athens 1997) above statement. The feminist posited that families socialize children into violence by the widely accepted practice of punishing children with physical force. They concluded that men who witnessed their parents engaging in violence were three times as likely to hit their wives and ten times more likely to be abusive towards their wives with objects or weapons. They also found that many more men who reported being physically abused as teenagers also abused their wives, as compared to those who were not physically beaten throughout their teen years. They concluded, Each generation learns to be violent by being a participant in a violent family- and that violence begets violence (Straus 1980). Other researchers have pursued this line of inquiry and have concluded that men learn abusive behaviour from their families of origin (Browne 1987). Denzin (1984) posited a cyclical sort of reasoning where the abuser unintentionally alienates his partner through his physical violence; his partner’s subsequent remoteness threatens his confidence in the relationship; and in turn, he again employs violence to restore his control. (Mead 1934) also put forward the argument that abusers use strategies of denial and blame to distance their violent selves from their â€Å"true† selves (Mead 1934). The symbolic interactionist outline thus recognizes that an individual’s self-image and definition of the ituation occur in interaction with, not in isolation from, others in society In essence, the arguments proffered by both feminist and symbolic interactionist hold that the abuser’s life experience and self-image is a core factor in domestic violence. As it relates to violence, feminists place heavy emphasis on male-female relations at the core of their analysis and view inequality between men and women as a key f actor in violence (Bowker 1986; Dobash and Dobash 1979; Pagelow 1987; Russell 1982). Two years before there was a Domestic Violence Act in Trinidad, Mohammed (1989) proffered that sexual violence was the most central form of domination men had over women and it was the mechanism which was used to control women. Concomitantly, Yelvington (1996) investigated flirtatious behaviour amongst Trinidad men and found it to have manifested ‘symbolic violence’ filled with tensions of domination and submission between the sexes. Following on the heels of Yelvington (1996), Chevannes (1996) makes the point that a large part of male socialization takes place on the street, where prevalent behaviours and values are the antithesis of all that schools and [society] represent. Another twist to the argument of domestic violence comes from developmental and life course perspectives advocates, Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) in ‘A General Theory of Crime’, they explained that crime results as a result of ‘low self-control’. They explained when parents fail to properly raise their children; low self-control develops with the absence of nurturance, monitoring, discipline or training. Further to this, Agnew (1992) who expounded Merton’s Strain theory proposed that a ‘strain’ is experienced by an individual when there is the presentation of a negative stimulus; for example, bullying or negative relations with peers, parents or even teachers may foster this strain. Although strain theory is used mainly with reference to delinquency and crime, there is merit to the theory in an attempt to explain how the presentation of negative stimuli to an abuser can perpetuate and contribute to an ‘effect’ being passed on to another individual (an individual’s intimate partner) as illustrated in the example above with parental violence toward each other. Agnew (1992) also posited that coping mechanisms are employed to deal with this type of strain, which is cognitive, behavioural or emotional. Cognitive mechanisms employ the ability o ignore the strain or maximize the positives of the strain or accept responsibility for the strain. The behavioural mechanisms minimize the negatives of the strain through some form of actions, thus inherently maximising the positives. Finally, the emotional involves the coping mechanism is to seek revenge. The use of this emotional coping mechanism to escape is often employed. Applying this theory to domesti c violence cases, it can be deduced that in some instances, the emotional coping mechanism of seeking revenge on partners is employed. He further argued how someone adapts to strain, is dependent on the ability of the person to use enough coping mechanisms to deal with strain constructively; in instances of domestic violence it would mean positive steps to effectively deal with such matters. The outward sources of power upon which men originally drew from, for example, being the boss in the workplace and the sole breadwinner, have been tremendously eroded as women increasingly take charge of their lives (becoming self-sufficient by accessing educational and job opportunities in the workplace and having the capacity to negotiate their own spaces). Feminists as referenced before, offers this argument of the threat of women’s progress contributing to their detriment in some instances. Women, unlike men draw on intrinsic sources of power as they go through their daily living. They have re defined the traditional gender roles and are now more goal-oriented and assertive. The male’s response to this has been in the least some sort of perplexity, which is accompanied by a false sense of acceptance on the surface, but struggling hard, sometimes viciously below to exhibit superiority in one form or the other. Ways of communicating, relating, sharing and caring become challenging for them. If one is to evaluate contemporary social life such as; friendship, family life and marriage one would see they are all laden with sexual symbols, which have come to represent the last perceived secured notion of what is defined as being a ‘real man’. As argued by the interactionist, the male self-image is often quite fragile and there is a plethora of factors contributing to this some of which are but is not limited to; the inescapable bombardment of the media, which now intensifies the problem of negative modelling; educational institutions failing in not being able to strengthen the frayed social and, consequently, academic self-image of males and a steady rise in unemployment has also taken its toll. We have now booked first class seats, in viewing he progressive decline in male development at the personal level, as most men have not engaged in meaningful ways in keeping up with the changing nature of relationships between men and women; and by extension reacting negatively against women. Symbolic interactionist offers a perspective on domestic violence, which outlines the construction of the self and its interaction with others within social and cultural contexts. It also describes how individuals plan and give reasoning to t heir actions and inactions with both themselves and others in society (Athens1994; Athens 1995; Blumer 1969; Mead 1934). Extensive research examined the ways in which survivors of domestic violence defined their situations (Dobash and Dobash 1984) but less attention has been paid to the abuser’s own perspective of the violence within their own relationships. Domestic Violence in Trinidad and Tobago: (Gramsci 1971) posited that Trinidad and Tobago was one of the first nations in the English-speaking Caribbean to pass domestic violence legislation. He went on to report that as a traditional concept, such violence was perceived as husband-wife business and not appropriate to be deemed as public business. Domestic Violence was thus labelled a criminal offence by the Domestic Violence Act 1991 of Trinidad and Tobago. This occurred as a result of widespread activism on the part of the local womens movement. There is no central locality where data for domestic violence can be found in Trinidad and Tobago, though the Central Statistical Office (CSO) is recognised as the institution mandated by law to capture and reflect statistical data of varying natures, this too is lacking. Reports of domestic violence to police stations are one indicator while the actual numbers charged for criminal offences are another. Many Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are heavily involved in receiving data (actual reports) of domestic violence and information can be gleaned through this process. Within the context of domestic violence, data available from the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service details the range of criminal offences which take place as a result of Domestic Violence. These data raise a number of issues, for example, the inconsistencies from year to year and the extremely low number of offences recorded (UNDP 1999). Numbers of Murders committed by way of Domestic Violence, 1990-1996 Year| Number of Women| Murders| Total Committed| 1990| 4| 3| 7| 1991| 3| 4| 7| 1992| 12| 6| 18| 1993| 3| 12| 15| 1994| 4| 5| 9| 1995| 10| 8| 18| 1996| 5| 1| 6| TOTAL| 41| 39| 79| Source: (National Report on the Situation of Gender Violence Against Women: Trinidad and Tobago Regional Project RLA/97/014, 1999); Adapted from the Ministry of National Security Trinidad and Tobago. Murders as a Percentage of Domestic Violence 1995-1999 Year| Domestic Violence| Non-Domestic Violence| Total| % Domestic Violence| 1995| 22| 99| 121| 18. 18| 1996| 16| 91| 107| 14. 95| 1997| 12| 89| 101| 11. 88| 1998| 23| 74| 97| 23. 71| 1999| 15| 77| 92| 16. 30| Source: Domestic Violence Awareness Handbook-Men against Violence Against Women (MAVAW 2002) Trinidad Findings from a report offered by Advocates for Safe Parenthood: Improving Reproductive Equity (Aspire 2012) found that there is an upward trend in reported cases of domestic violence which rose from 1394 to 2312 in the past decade. Certain offenses rose drastically, such as assault by beating, from 907 to 1243, and breach of protection order from 26 to 157. The report reflected 92, 524 new cases in the magistrate’s court. The most reported cases fell within the 25-29 age categories; for 2010, 300 females and 54 males and 2011, 1,082 females and 322 males. It was also noted that more men were filing reports of domestic violence. (Creque 1995) also gleaned preliminary data from the Community Policing Unit and found that between 1991 and 1994, 8,297 applications were filed under the Domestic Violence Act 1991. Additionally, The Ministry of Planning and Development published Crime Statistics in 1996, which reported that there were 378 applications under the Domestic Violence Act of which 18% or 67 were made by males and 311 or 82% by females. The (UNDP 1999) report also reflected: During the year 1998, a total of 2,611 calls were received by the Domestic Violence Hotline (800-SAVE) of the Domestic Violence Unit of the Ministry of Gender Affairs. Of these calls, 84% were from women and 16% men. For each month of the year according to the report, female callers outnumbered male and the modal age-group of callers was 26-35 years. The majority (70%) were in unions legal or common-law (free), but 17% described themselves as single, 3% as divorced and 10% separated (UNDP 1999). Since the advent of the Domestic Violence Act 1991, deaths have increased in Trinidad and Tobago. Deaths from cases of domestic violence have quadrupled over a five-year period from 2004 to 2008, while the amount of cases of domestic violence reported to police have increased by 60%, according to statistics released in the Senate yesterday†¦ For the years 2004 to 2008 there were nine, 26, 32, 17 and 36 deaths respectively. In terms of the number of cases of domestic violence reported to the police for the same period, the recorded cases numbered 962, 1,291, 1,250, 1,356 and 1,556 respectively (Newsday 2009). Programmes catering to domestic violence in Trinidad and Tobago: In Trinidad and Tobago, a task agency was appointed to develop a comprehensive policy to address the problem of the scourge of domestic violence nationwide. This was in response to a plethora of interests to many key stakeholders who were interested in treating with the problem. There was an explosion of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and religious bodies who were willing and ready to provide services for victims of domestic violence. Within the public service, a Domestic Violence Unit was set up within the Gender Affairs Division of the Ministry of Culture and Gender Affairs which along with other departments, such as the National Family Services Division, introduced voluntary counseling services for victims. Similar services were also offered by a number of women’s organizations. MILPAH halfway house for battered women†¦ Not surprisingly, most of these agencies had initiated their own internal processes of data but based upon the contribution of Gopaul, Morgan and Reddock (1994), the need for a centralized database tapping into the national situation characterizing domestic violence was brought to the forefront and facilitated a number of activities geared toward its realization. In Trinidad and Tobago, data collection pertaining to domestic violence has been in existence in a number of State agencies and NGOs. From the standpoint of State agencies, entities such as the Domestic Violence Unit, Probation Services, the police (Modus Operandi and Community Policing Division) and the Central Statistical Office have actively been engaged in data collection activities. Additionally, State agencies collect data that have a direct bearing upon domestic violence. These include the Ministry of Education (Guidance Unit), Ministry of Health (Child Guidance Unit, Statistical Unit, State Hospitals and Medical Social Workers Reports), Ministry of Community Empowerment, Sports and Consumer Affairs (National Family Services) and Ministry of the Attorney General (The High Court). With respect to nongovernmental organizations, data on domestic violence have been collected by the Rape Crisis Society and The Coalition against Domestic Violence (Shelter for Battered Women). Other relevant data can also be obtained from other shelters for battered women, children’s homes and private hospitals. Notwithstanding these efforts, there exists no acceptable standard for data collection and there is widespread variation with respect to input processes and the quality of outcomes. Based upon examinations of input forms collected from entities including the Ministry of Culture and Gender Affairs, all branches of the police, shelters for battered women and the Domestic Violence Hotline, a standard form was developed for pilot-testing in a number of settings. These settings included government hospitals, halfway homes, children’s homes, Hot Lines, a Tobagonian Halfway House and the Community Policing Unit (Tobago). The standard form was divided into seven sections. services and dips into their own pockets to finance these activities. MAVAW has been invited to sit on a Cabinet Appointed Committee, which will make proposals for the amendment and reform of the Domestic Violence Act of 1991. In collaboration with the Ministries responsible for Culture and Youth Affairs, MAVAW is involved in two national campaigns to train young people in schools, malls and community centres to alleviate violence. Conclusion Most research on domestic abuse has been conducted from various perspectives which include but is not limited to feminist, psychological and social structural perspectives. These perspectives have provided valuable insights to the problem of domestic violence. The feminist adopts a critical view of taken for granted assumptions about domestic violence research and practice, the psychological perspective identifies characteristics aligned to abusive behaviour, social structuralists illuminate the cultural and organizational constraints influencing this problem and symbolic interactionism acknowledges the free will of the actor and the interpersonal and social forces shaping and constraining that action. Many solutions have been proffered in an attempt to alleviate or stop violence against women. This essay’s topic at first glance was to bring to the reader’s attention information, though limited in this instance, on varying perspectives on abuse against women and the plethora of resources and services offered to them by governmental and non- governmental organizations, the extensive arm of the law; as outlined by the provision of the Domestic Violence Act (1991), which dictates the offenses and applies the law as required to offenders. However, the highlight of this paper rests on the reference to the lack of the equality of theoretical and empirical reporting as it relates to the ‘balance’ of domestic violence. The under- reported abuse of men, the less than required support services offered and the unwavering bias towards women as labelled ‘victims’ domestic violence. Whilst this paper did not allow for in-depth statistical and theoretical explanations, research has shown generally, that when the social of issue of domestic violence becomes discursive, women are portrayed as the real victims. The interactionist approach taken by (Carden 1988) posited that domestic violence needs to be understood from the perspective of the abuser (regardless of gender) in order to address the root cause of the social issue. Although a large research literature has examined the accounts of abuse offered by survivors of male violence, there is little about the abuser’s perception of himself and others in domestic violence. ’ The abuser’s perspective is important to theoretical work on the etiology of omestic violence and to develop programs that can effectively stop male violence against women (Carden 1994; Stets 1988) Based on the out dated and limited statistics available on domestic violence in Trinidad and Tobago, the argument of Johnson (1995) and Stets and Straus (1992) contends ‘That most legal and social policies, well intended though they might be, are based on erroneous information both about the causes and incidence of most intimate violence. They have evolved based on the needs of the small but significant proportion of women who experience chronicwife battering, they do little to serve the much larger majority of men, women, and children who try to cope. In a glaring article produced by (Nicholls and Dutton 2001), they argued that cases, government surveys and other reports are highly skewed and misleading. Statistics always tend to reflect women as being the victims of domestic violence and men’s claims often go underreported. They alluded that conflict studies are the closest to portraying a rough proportional perpetuation by gender. Additionally, Ehrensaft et al. (2004) posited inter alia that various studies have shown that the ‘single-sex’ approach is not scientifically supported. They allude that the behaviours by both partners can contribute tremendously to the risk of ‘clinically significant partner abuse’, and that both individuals should be treated. They concluded that ‘womens partner abuse cannot be explained exclusively as self-defense against mens partner abuse, because a womans pre-relationship history of aggression towards others predicts her abuse toward her partner, over and above controls for reports of his abuse towards her’. The UN ECLAC Caribbean Development Committee 1997) reported that ‘†¦the [Caribbean] region was experiencing increased waves of violence, which unfortunately is often directed at women. It further cited that while several countries in the region have started to address this problem, no attention has been given to the male who generally is the abuser and perpetrator. Most recently though, there are signs of male interest groups which have begun to direct attention to the male for what they consider is a need to change thousands of years of bad attitude of men. MAVAW Men Against Violence Against Women in Trinidad and Tobago, offers support to male offenders, seeks therapy for transgressors’. In essence, domestic violence is a global phenomenon and may be defined in numerous terms. As it relates to Trinidad and Tobago, the context and culture where this phenomenon occurs should be deeply considered. Additionally, much is needed to stabilize resources in capturing accurate empirical data which should inform functional programmes, in an attempt to first understand and then alleviate the social problem of domestic violence between both men and women. Bibliography Our Opinion: Making It Safe for Our women. ( 1997, December 13). Trinidad Express. Prime Minister Says Expose Family Violence. ( 1997, November 26). Newsday. (CSO), C. S. (1996). Report on Crime Statistics . Trinidad and Tobago: Ministry of Planning and Development. (DVU), D. V. (February 26, 1998). Findings of Data Collected on Domestic Violence from the Domestic Violence Hotline. Policy Round table on data Collection on Domestic Violence. (1991). The Domestic Violence Act. Trinidad and Tobago. Viewpoint, Rape and Domestic Violence. (1997, November 23). Sunday Guardian. Women Against Violence Hold Candlelight Session Tomorrow. (1997, November 24). Newsday. (1999). National Report on the Situation of Gender Violence Against Women: Trinidad and Tobago Regional Project RLA/97/014. (UNDP) United Nations Development Programme. Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency. Journal of Criminology, Volume 30, 50-58. Anthens, L. (1994). The Self as Soliloquy. Sociological Quarterly, Volume 35, 521-532. Athens, L. (1995). Dramatic Self Change. Sociological Quarterly, Volume 36, 571-586. Athens, L. (1997). Violent Crime Acts and Actors Revisited. Chicago: University of Illinois. Bagoo, A. (2009, November 11). Domestic Deaths Rise. Newsday. Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall. Bowker, L. H. (1986). Ending the Violence. Holmes Beach Florida: Learning Publications. Browne, A. (1987). Battered Women Who Kill. New York: Free Press. CAFRA. (1998). Pilot survey on the incidence of violence and responses to such violence among 200 randomly selected women in Trinidad. St. Augustine: CAFRA. Carden, A. (1994). Wife Abuse and the Wife Abuser. The Counseling Psychologist, Volume 22, 539-573. Chevannes, B. (May 1996). The role of the street in the socialization of Caribbean males. Annual Conference of the Caribbean Studies Association. San Juan. Clarke, R. (2001). â€Å"An Evaluative Study of the Implementation of Domestic Violence:Antigua and Barbuda, St. Kitts/Nevis, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and theGrenadines†, Paper prepared for the Family Law and Domestic Violence Legislative Reform. Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court. COMMITTEE, C. D. (1997, December 1st). Retrieved March 4th, 2012, from http://www. eclacpos. org/cdchtm/G0511. HTM. Creque, M. (1995). A Study of the Incidence of Domestic Violence in Trinidad and Tobago from 1991-1993: Commissioned by the Shelter for Battered Women and the Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Trinidad: Port of Spain. Denzin, N. K. (1984). Toward a Phenomenology of Domestic, Family Violence. American Journal of Sociology, Volume 90, 483-513. Dobash, R. E. (1979). Violence Against Wives: A Case Against Patriarchy. New York: The Free Press. Edwin M, L. (1951). Social Pathology: A systematic approach to the theory of sociopathic behaviour. New York: Mc Graw Hill. Ehrensaft, M. M. (2004). Clinically abusive relationships in an unselected birth cohort: Mens and womens participation and developmental antecedents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(2), 258- 271. Gelb, J. (1983). The Politics of Wife Abuse. In I. Diamond, Families, Politics and Policies (pp. 250-264). New York: Longman. Johnson, M. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: Two forms of violence against women.

Cree Indians Essays - First Nations In Alberta, Plains Tribes

Cree Indians This is an introduction to the Cree Indians way of life explaining about the foods they ate, significance of story telling, myths, religious beliefs, rituals performed, and their present day way of life. It is almost impossible to touch on every aspect because of what is not printed and only known by elders. Some native words used by Cree Indians: Kiwetin meaning the north wind that brings misfortune (Gill, Sullivan 158). Another word is maskwa used for bear, the most intelligent and spiritually powerful land animal (Gill, Sullivan 182). A water lynx that holds control over lakes and rivers is called Michi-Pichoux; they are associated with unexplained deaths (Gill, Sullivan 189). Tipiskawipisim is used for the moon who is the sister of the sun. Once a flood destroys the first humans, Tipiskawipisim creates the first female (Gill, Sullivan 303). The history of the Cree Indians begins where they live for the most part in Canada, and some share reservations with other tribes in North Dakota. The Cree Indians, an Alogonquian tribe sometimes called Knisteneau, were essentially forest people, though an offshoot, the so-called Plains Cree, were buffalo hunters. The Crees first encounter with white people was in 1640, the French Jesuits. The Cree Indians later lost many of their tribe in the 1776 break out of small pox, battles with the Sioux, and a defeat to the Blackfeet in 1870. The Cree lived by hunting, fishing, trapping, and using muskrat as one of their staples. They made sacrifices to the sun; the Great Master of Life (Erdoes, Ortiz 504). The Cree lived in the Northern Plains, which was also home to the Sarsi, Blackfoot, Plains Ojibway, and Assiniboin. Many of the tribes were equestrian bands moving to pursue the buffalo. The buffalo was their resource for food, material for dwellings, clothing, cooking vessels, rawhide cases, and bone and horn implements. The introduction of the horse by the Spanish led to the plains Indians to become more able and skillful hunters. Each tribe had different methods of hunting, preservation, and preparation of meat (Cox, Jacobs 98). One method of the nomadic plains tribes for cooking was to use rawhide cooking vessels which came from the hump of the buffalo, staked over a mound of earth and left to dry in the shape of a bowl. The pot was put in a shallow hole near the fire, and then carefully selected stones that would not shatter easily would be put in the fire and transferred to the bowl with wood or bone tongs to heat the contents of the pot. Some items that they would be cooking would be thinly sliced or diced fresh or dried meat, wild vegetables, and tubers (Cox, Jacobs 98). Another method of cooking was to use a paunch of freshly killed animal suspended with stakes, of which inside it was placed water and meat, along with organ meats and the stones (Cox, Jacobs 99). The plains hunters leading a mobile life would find ways to reduce bulk to become efficient in moving there belongings, which was one of the reasons foods were dried such as jerky. Jerky consisted of thinly sliced meat spread out and dried in the sun. Other ways of preserving the meat to reconstitute later into a broth would be to bake the meat over the coals, pound with stones into a pulp, mixed with bone marrow and packed into rawhide containers. The tribes would also trade with river and eastern tribes for dried corn, squash, and wild rice (Cox, Jacobs 99). The tribes who were nomadic to pursue hunting buffalo would trade dried meat, tanned hides, and decorated garments for vegetables of the tribes that were raising vegetables. Corn, beans, and squash were all dried to reduce bulk. Corn could be left to dry in the fields, gathered and shelled to make into hominy by boiling with ashes. Corn was also parched by baking in pottery containers over fires. Later it could be pounded into a coarse flour mixed with either sunflower seed flour, shelled nut meats, service berries, a little water, and hot melted tallow or marrow formed into small balls known as corn balls. Cornballs were used by hunters and used for trading. Another way

Tips for Understanding Spoken French

Tips for Understanding Spoken French There are dozens of French phonetics exercises  for letters, words and expressions on ThoughtCo.com. Entries on these exercises lead to pages with  more and more detailed explanations, so keep on clicking through when prompted. They can be excellent resources for learning the basics of understanding spoken French. Also highly recommended are  the many  self-study French audio magazines and audiobooks  on the market. These tools contain extensive longer texts with audio files and English translations that are excellent resources for understanding spoken French. For either phonetics lessons or French audio magazines and books, will you get better results if you listen first and then read the words, or is it better to listen and read at the same time? In fact, both of these methods are fine; its just a matter of deciding which one works best for you. Weve thought about how to make this process most effective and offer a few ideas here aimed at helping you make the most of audio exercises. Each of the sites oral exercises includes at a minimum a sound file and a translation. There are a few possible scenarios for using these to boost your oral comprehension; its up to you to decide which one to adopt. 1. Listen First If you want to test your aural comprehension and/or you feel comfortable with your listening skills, listen to the sound file one or more times  to see how much you understand. Then to fill in any gaps, read the words, either before or while listening to the sound file again. 2. Read First Students who dont feel up to the challenge of listening first might be better off doing just the opposite: Read or skim through the words first to get an idea of what its about, and then listen to the sound file. You can listen while reading, or just listen and then go back to the words to see how much you were able to pick up. 3. Listen and Read This third option is best for students who have a hard time understanding spoken French. Open up the words in a new window, and then start the sound file so that you can follow the words as you listen. This will help your brain make the connection between what you are hearing and what it means. This is similar to watching a French movie while reading the English subtitles.   You Decide Which Method Works Best for You The listen first technique is the most challenging. If you feel confident that  your listening skills are strong or youd like to test them, this method will be effective for you. Less advanced students, however, may find that listening first is too difficult and possibly frustrating. Thus, reading the words first will help you connect concept (the meaning) to sounds (the spoken language). If your listening skills are weak, you will probably find it helpful to see the words before or while youre listening.   No matter which method you choose, your goal here is to improve your listening comprehension. Just keep listening and checking the words as many times as it takes until you understand the sound file without looking at the words. With all three techniques, also try speaking the words yourself as you read the words. Why? Because the more senses you engage when youre learning, the deeper the memory pathways youll be etching in your brain and youll learn faster and retain longer. If you do these kinds of exercises regularly, your understanding of spoken French is bound to improve. Improve Your Comprehension of French You might decide that you need to improve in one, or more likely, several areas of French comprehension. Learning a language, after all, is a long process strewn with subtleties, one that even native speakers contend with. Theres always room for improvement. So decide which area you want to focus on and study a little more to refine your French. Do you want to: Improve your comprehension of spoken French, as weve been discussing hereImprove your French pronunciationImprove your French reading comprehensionImprove your French verb conjugationsImprove your French vocabulary

Chapter 4 discussion and analysis Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chapter 4 discussion and analysis - Dissertation Example these variables have no significant differences between grocery items and insurance (p > 0.05). Therefore, these variables should not be rejected because these factors significantly affect the purchasing behavior of online consumers when it comes to buying online grocery items and insurances. With regards to the length of time for transaction, several studies revealed that online shoppers are more likely to purchase online grocery items and insurances because of its convenience, reduced physical effort concerning the travelling from home to grocery store outlets or meeting a sales agent in buying insurances, and lesser amount of time it takes to complete a transaction (Kaufman-Scarborugh and Lindquist 2002; Verhoef and Langerak 2001; Keh and Shieh 2001; Raijas 2002). Likewise, the study of Yang et al. (2007) reported that security and privacy, the ease of use of the website, brand-name recognition, and pleasure associated with the purchase assistance provided online also positively a ffects the buying behaviours of online consumers. On the contrary, statistics result indicate that offering a wider choice of products (t = -4.321, p = 0.000), easy comparison of prices (t = -2.021, p = 0.046), sufficient information about the products (t =

Public Admiration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Admiration - Research Paper Example Public admiration is a social and political science which is indispensable in governance and in the delivery of services for public welfare and interests. It involved intricate planning, strategizing, collaborating, networking, resource allocation but and utmost diligence in the exercise of authorities, functions and roles in accordance to policies and laws of the country. As integral part of organizational management, administrators use systems and models in the performance of their roles especially in this modern period when administration is integrated with information technology to hasten the delivery of services. Public administration can be done in classical ways or in a positivist construct, provided it helped systematized the performance of an government, corporation or an institution. Public administration is applied not only in government administration but also in managing non-government and private sectors whose extensive operation are implemented in a broader number of p opulace as their beneficiaries or clienteles (Stefan, 2009). Theoretically, the system of administration correlated the relation of administration, human resource management, access and use of resources, hence, require the skills managing organization inclusive of values in dealing with human relations (Stefan, 2009). Many of the managers attached to the nature of this profession are those who are intellectually gifted to pursue issues and concerns of public affairs. Experts opined that those experts or those who can offer quality public service can move freely within the thin domain between public, private and non-profit opportunities (Stefan, 2009). It is construed that those engaged in public administration have breadth of knowledge and perspectives of the science of public administration. They are expected to perform their responsibilities with combined skills of transformational and transactional leadership (Stefan, 2009). In matters of resource generation and utilization, publ ic administrators are reliant on existing policies but spending more what is expedient and essential for public concerns and for the organization (Stefan, 2009). Such must also be consistent to the vision, mission, goals and programs of the institution. Being focused on governance and organizational capacity enhancement, administrators are concern on transparency, devolution of functions, and analytical discourses in the disposition of cases and issues involving administrators and the public it served (Stefan, 2009). Science of Decision-Making and E-management In such context, public administration is therefore a science of decision-making based on existing regulations, done by public officials, done often in writing, and is always in congruent to the national policies and laws of public administration (Stefan, 2009). When officials are called to resolve on issues as a quasi-legal body, the administrators decides to appoint, discharge, suspend, dismiss or transfer public official ba sed on policies which is maybe inclusive of imposing disciplinary penalties as the law bestowed and in according to legal provisions required under administrative proceedings (Stefan, 2009). Recently, there is a national effort of

Compare and contrast the films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare and contrast the films - Essay Example The objective of the paper is to compare these movies based on different parameters. Theme is the one of the most important parameters in the analysis of the movies since it is related to the subject being explored by the movie. The theme of Requiem for a Dream is about addition while Pi, The Fountain, and Black Swan are about obsession. The newest movie Noah is about humanity and overcoming challenges. Basically, Aronofsky is known for artsy presentation of theme even to the point of being weird, puzzling and analytical. All of the movies that he directed needs an in depth analysis or one can just enjoy the taste and the artistic manner the theme or subject is presented. With regards to camera work, both Requiem for the Dream and Pi used both a steady and a shaky camera. On the other hand the films The Fountain and Black Swan just used steady camera. Noah used steady camera with wide views due to expanse of the theme. Aronofsky is known to use shaky camera to present the feel of the movie being first hand and even more experiential. According to an observation of his work, he is even known to put cameras on actors to be able to achieve a different perspective, thus, achieving the shaky camera effect (IMDb bio). Editing of the films used either abrupt cut or slow transition for his films. In the Requiem for a Dream and Pi, Aronofsky used abrupt cuts between scenes while The Fountain, Black Swan and Noah used slow transitions between scenes. Compared to the other two movies which is presented in a more artistic, mysterious and affective manner, the latter movies are more dramatic in nature and theme. The fast and short cuts is one of the techniques he is known for which is referred to as hip-hop montage or the fast presentation of scenes and images with a background music to stress an exciting event or even the use of different types of addictive substances which

Is the Family in Decline?

Is the Family in Decline? Introduction history of the family Most peoples idea of a normal household is a married couple with children. Does this longer correspond with the reality of peoples lives? In 2005 only 22 per cent of British households consisted of a couple with dependant children, compared with 35 per cent in 1971. (Fulcher J, Scott J, 2004 pg 446). Over several decades, Britain and other Western societies have seen a shift in family patterns and diverse roles, also divorce rate have risen significantly and there has been an increase in Reconstituted families formed from second marriages The family is often regarded as the basis of society; in pre-modern and modern societies alike is seen as the basis in which social organization takes place, for example socialising children, in the 1960s there was not discussion about the importance of family, at that family life was merely evolving with the modern times, the nuclear family which consist of a two generation household of parent and their children, was seen as well adapted to the demands of modern society. A classic definition of the family by George Peter Murdock (1949) The family is a social group characterized by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction. This includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially-approved sexual relationships, and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults. Another type of family is the extended family, which includes the family members which extends vertically that would include three generations for example; grandparent and grandchildren, it also extends horizontally to include at least in laws cousins, aunts and uncles, and dependant on the perceptions and the boundaries of the family; determines how far this extends. From a functional perspective the family purpose is to work as a social institute, and according to (Haralambos Holborn 2008) the family performs four basic functions in all societies which are termed the sexual, reproductive economic and educational these are deemed essential for social life because without reproduction there would be no members of society, also without economics there would no provisions for providing food and therefore life would cease to exist, and without education as suggested by George Murdock there would be no culture and he suggests therefore that human society could not function. However according to Parson (in Parsons Bales 1956) the family social institution developed to meet two such needs that the family, and only the family, met: the needs for primary socialization and personality stabilization Primary socialisation was the process through which children obtain the basic values of society from the family from an early age. And adult personality is stabilized through the family to give emotional support through marriage, and to create an opportunity for adults to satisfy childish impulses that they could not do in public, for example playing games with their children. Parsons suggested that the nuclear family was particularly suited the nuclear family because the nuclear family roles were specialized due to one adult earning money through paid work, and the other adult bringing up the children, therefore with there being one breadwinner this was quite important factor in the industrial society due to high rates of change, this meant that this type of family were more geographically mobile and they would also keep the world of work and family separate, as industrial societies were concerned with achievement and universalism; this meant that people were rewarded according to achievements and judged according to universal standards of qualifications, and competence, the family however operated on a opposite basis; where the values of ascription and particularism; thus, status was ascribed on who one was, for example, husband of, wife of, parents would do their best to advance their children, therefore if this overlapped into the workforce this cause conflict. Marxist perspective states the capitalist system exploits the free domestic labour of the housewife through domestic labour, and that child rearing should be considered as family activities outside the operation of the capitalist economy but instead an essential part of it. This view is taken because the male breadwinner can then do longer hours, because the wife is at home tending to children and the domestic work; children were seen as the process of reproduction of labour by creating submissive workers. Due to the male bread winner being put under pressure from the work place to work much harder and faster, and quite often carrying out tedious and repetitive work in very poor conditions, which they would have very little control therefore the family was seen as an outlet for the tension and frustration, and the bullied worker may restore their self-esteem by bullying their family. Although the wife plays a significant role in the capitalist economy, she would get no pay. Some housewives worked in paid employment at a low wage, and acted as a reserve army which could be drawn into work when there was a shortage of labour, and returned back home when demand was low, therefore the nuclear family created an additional supply of cheap labour. Some sociologist argue that the family has lost certain functions in modern industrial society, and they suggest that institutions such as political parties and school, and welfare organisations are performing functions of the family, Talcott Parsons argues that the family has become functionless on the macroscopic levels. However not all sociologist agree with this idea, and they actually think the opposite, according to Ronald Fletcher, a British sociologist stated in The Family and Marriage in Britain (1966)that the family has retained its functions but also those functions have increased in detail and importance and specialised institutions such as schools and hospitals have added to and improved the family functions, rather than suspended them, some example of these changes are the expectations of the parenting role; they are expected to do their best to guide, encourage and support their children through education and their. Young and Wilmott (1973) claim that the symmetrical family is developing where spouses are sharing domestic, work and leisure activities; these types of relationships are called joint conjugal roles as opposed to segregated roles which previously meant the marital roles of husband and wife were largely segregated. In the symmetrical family, conjugal roles have become more joined, the wife still has primary responsibility for housework and child rearing, however husbands have become more involved with domestic chores like doing the washing and ironing, and share the decisions that affect the family The structure of the British family has shifted significantly over the last 50 years, a major influence of this is through the decline of marriage and the rise in cohabitation according to the Office of National statistics 2008 Due to the changes in marriages, divorce and cohabitation to the growing number of new types of families Two in five of all marriages are now remarriages, which makes step families one of the fastest growing family forms in Britain, currently making up one, in the decade to 2006, the number of single parent families also increased to 2.3 million, making up 14% of all families in ten of all families.18. Ethnic diversity is on the increase due to the increase of international migration is another source of diversity, for example the structure of Afro-Caribbean and Asian families; looking at the diversity in relation to origin and considerations of how these have changed in the context of British society. According to (Elliot 1966; Berthound 2000) the lower-class Afro-Caribbean family is centred on the role of the women, and marriages are weakly institutive and low due to the men wandering; therefore the women commonly head the households, and relationships between mothers and children are much stronger than those between fathers and children, and family life tends to be supported by other women other than the biological mother. African-Caribbean women have been more economically active than women from other ethnic groups, and see paid work as a basis fro financial independence and are more likely to control the use of their earnings than Asian or White women, however this is only made possible by the sharing of the mothering role with other women. There are considerable cultural difference between south Asian nationalities that have come to Britain, however there are similarities, for instance families from rural areas in South Asia typically have extended forms of family, that include three generations in one household and are organized through a network of males, are bound together through religious beliefs in brotherhood and family loyalty. Marriages are arranged and seen as a contrast of two families. According to young and Willmott the home centred symmetrical family is more typical of the working class than the middle class, they suggest that the working class are more fully home-centred because they are less fully work-centred; and this is due to compensating for uninvolved and boring work, and because little interest is expected at work, and manual workers tend to focus more attention on family life, therefore according to Young and Wilmott see work as a major influence on family Migration to Britain severely disrupted extended families of this kind and for many women this has left them socially isolated at home and unsupported by the kin. Sikh household have become more focused on couples and women have renegotiated traditional patterns, through greater independence through paid work, however in contrast Pakistani and Bangladeshi cultures have been limited to homework or family business by Islamic prohibition of contact with unrelated men, this has lead to women being exploited as cheap labour and confined to the home. Many sociologists are concerned about what they see as the decline in marriage and family life, and they see this as a threat to the family, for example Brenda Almond (2006) believes that the family is fragmenting, there is also an increase in the legal and social acceptance of marital breakdown, cohabitation, gay and lesbian relationships and so on. Colin Gibson (1994) claims through the development of modernity this has increased the likelihood of conflict between spouses due to much emphasis upon the desirability of individual achievement, Gibson believes that people now live in an enterprise and free-market culture of individualism in which the licence of choice dominates The last 100 years have seen changes in legislation, technology, attitudes and expectations  that have led to a massive feminisation of the workforce since the second world war, also widespread contraception leading to deferred decisions about the start of families; and divorce, remarriage and cohabitation becoming much more acceptable. A relaxation of societal attitudes towards marriage means it is no longer seen as unusual to be involved in a complicated family structure. Families are no longer just made up of married parents living with their children. Although seven in ten households are still headed up by married couples, this proportion has been declining for some time. Families are now a mix of cohabiting parents, stepfamilies, single parent families, those living apart together and civil partnerships, as well as the traditional nuclear family.

THE WOMENS REVOLUTION :: essays research papers

From the American Revolution to the Civil War there were several developments that molded the lives of American women. There were cults formed that supported domesticity. The women of the south, both black and white were very similar to those of the north. The women had gotten roles that they had never faced before. When the men left for war the women took control of many things including, the farms, the businesses, etc. Just because men went to war that did not mean that the women did not go as well. In many cases the women joined their male relation in the Patriot camps. With many tasks to be completed while the men were gone women were just trying to become free and have rights of their own. Whether they were successful or not was something that they did not want to think about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The lives of women were being completely controlled by the men all around them. The women were tired of it and just wanted this to end. The social roles between both the men and women were changing. They still had the typical rights in both politics and within the family. In 1837 women were now accepted into colleges and universities. The first schools that allowed this to begin were Oberlin which was located in Ohio; and Mt. Holyoke which was located in Massachusetts. Mt Holyoke was an all women school, where as Oberlin was both men and women. Around this time changes took place in the middle-class families. The normal role of the woman of the house was to contribute economically, but now they were to strictly stay home and take on a number of domestic activities. This meant they were to keep the house looking perfect, clean, relaxing, etc. Women that worked outside of their homes were looked at as low-class. They worked in factories and mills, but had much more horrible circumstances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The women of the south had taken on roles that were very like the roles that the middle-class women of the north possessed. They too were at home wives. They served as their husband’s attendant and looked after the children. Along with being similar to the north, they were also very different. The women had significant importance to the men; the men played a defense role for the women. Many white women in the south lived on a farm and had little or no contact with the â€Å"public world†.

Principles of Ecotourism

Introduction Definition of sustainability. Briefly mentions environmental, experiential, socio-cultural and economic sustainability in relation to ecotourism. Environmental sustainability Importance of environmental sustainability in managing ecotourism and examples of impacts Strategies for achieving sustainability and how they are applied Experiential sustainability Importance of experiential sustainability in managing ecotourism and examples of impacts Strategies for achieving sustainability and how they are applied Socio-cultural sustainability Importance of socio-cultural sustainability in managing ecotourism and examples of impacts Strategies for achieving sustainability and how they are applied Economic sustainability Importance of economic sustainability in managing ecotourism and examples of impacts Strategies for achieving sustainability and how they are applied Conclusion Introduction Environmental sustainability Importance of environmental sustainability *Strategies* for achieving environmental sustainability Accommodating for hundreds of visitors has disadvantages for a site if the wildlife or vegetation isn’t capable to withstand an increased level of exposure. That’s why hardening of a site allows that site’s carrying capacity to be increased e. g. pit toilets, board walks and but still limiting number to ensure minimal impact of that site. The Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park in Tasmania, Australia, have installed board walks along the track for the concerns of environmental degradation and overcrowding. The boarded sections are established in sensitive areas in the national park with significant importance for an ecosystem. The softening of a site refers to soil replacement and replanting of native vegetation to rehabilitate the site as much as possible. There are many businesses that were built with very low levels of impact, because of the extensive research done before the construction of their building. The Couran Cove Resort in Queensland assessed the area for their resort before construction and removed the native vegetation, planning to replant them after the completion of facilities. A number of environmental measures were put in place during the construction of the resort, such as installation of solar powered cabins, identification and mapping of significant trees, strategies to manage acid sulphate soils, and an integrated water management system. As a result of many of these management strategies, the resort has become an industry leader in environmentally sensitive technologies. Visitation quotas and fees are a clever strategy to maintain a high revenue flow for the protected area and continue appropriate management. Zoning and site hardening influence visitation levels in specified areas, so these factors are considered when implementing fees and quotas. The overall number of visitors can be limited through the imposition of quotas and user fees; quotas are formal restrictions on visitor numbers and user fees (entry fees and other fees) increase the latter until visitor demand falls below the carrying capacity threshold. Mt Buffalo National Park in Victoria, Australia charges entry fees for visitors, whether camping or just visiting. These fees are put towards managing the park, including regular maintenance of provided facilities. There are methods to restricting and allowing appropriate viewing or access of wildlife by providing information and education to tourists; informing users about the recreational resource and current level of use. Making the users more sensitive to the potential impacts their behaviours might have on the environment is an effective way to make them aware. Experiential sustainability Importance of experiential sustainability The experience of the tourist is important to be aware of to evaluate the sustainability in the way it is implemented. People learn better when they are actively involved in the learning process and use as many senses as appropriate. Interpretation is effective way to educate tourists because it works with the visitors rather than against them. Such techniques include; visitor centres, education centres, displays and exhibits, self-guided trails and guided tours. These techniques are strategies to inform tourists of the natural environment to which they participate in, to help understand the importance of sustainably managing activities in a site. Strategies for achieving experiential sustainability Socio-cultural sustainability Importance of socio-cultural sustainability Socio-cultural sustainability of ecotourism relates to the stability of social and cultural systems, including the wellbeing of local and indigenous communities. Their involvement is important for tourism to be successful and unique. It is a significant contribution to ecotourism’s global following. Socio-cultural and economic sustainability are linked together to also facilitate the wellbeing and satisfaction of visitors. Strategies for achieving socio-cultural sustainability Economic sustainability Importance of economic sustainability Economic sustainability is associated with socio-cultural sustainability; relating to the stability of social and cultural systems, including the wellbeing of local communities. The impacts of economics in local communities include start-up expenses (acquisition of land, establishment of protected areas, superstructure, and infrastructure), ongoing expenses (maintenance of infrastructure, promotion, and wages), revenue uncertainties, and revenue leakage due to imports and non-local participation. Examples of positive aspects of economics include direct employment, improvement of transportation and communication systems; negative aspects of economics include no local employment opportunities, and leakages may be high. Establishing a protected area requires lots of expenses to be able to maintain the environment sustainably. The development of buildings and infrastructure such as visitor centres and toilets require regular maintenance, which means there needs to be enough income to retain a standard quality. Employing staff can be limited when money is scarce, maybe even overworking employees. For example, the Cape Otway Centre for Conservation Ecology in the Great Otway National Park is an ecotourism operation that was established in 2004. The owners of the Conservation Centre opened the business to become involved in conservation projects and research biodiversity conservation. When opening the operation, the owner’s budget was limited and was unable to employ enough staff to keep up with the daily routine activities; such as delivering service to guests and running of education programs. Their only choice was to employ enough to manage the business and providing the services themselves. *Strategies for achieving economic *sustainability Economic sustainability relates to the income of an operation or protected area to maintain the natural environment or site. Such income can come from user fees (public’s willingness to pay), taxation (sales tax, accommodation tax) and donations (lack of resources or money for endangered species). Earth Sanctuaries is a company that operates a network of privately-owned sanctuaries, set up with the aim of conserving native wildlife species. The company has eradicated exotic species from all of its properties, and has erected fencing that excludes feral animals from each sanctuary. To fund its conservation efforts, the company offers a mix of ecotourism products including accommodation, tours, and an environmental education program. These products are managed to provide the ongoing profit needed to run the sanctuaries, and to provide dividends to the company’s shareholders. Conclusion Sustainable tourism is important to be properly managed when utilising the natural environment. The four components of sustainability are environmental, experiential, socio-cultural and economic sustainability, each is critical principle for achieving ecotourism. Each component is linked to another and one cannot function well without the others. Ecotourism is difficult to be completely sustainable for the natural environment, but can be managed to minimise low impact. This is done by the four components between each; they interact with one another’s resources to appropriate management the natural environment; linking together to facilitate the wellbeing of local communities. References

SeaWorld The Truth about Tilikum Professor Ramos Blog

SeaWorld The Truth about Tilikum Blackfish is a documentary about a very special Orca named Tilikum. The film shows the story starting with his capture and goes up to his transfer to SeaWorld Florida. The film shows some world defining events that unfolded in his presence. Blackfish was first shown at the 2013 Sundance film festival, it was such a great film that it was backed by Magnolia Pictures and CNN films for DVD release. The documentary consists of interviews from real life SeaWorld trainers who worked with and around Tilikum. It also includes interviews with scientist from different backgrounds to help show the dangers of keeping Orcas (AKA Killer Whales) in captivity and used for show. Blackfish sought to show the world the truth behind SeaWorld’s treatment and misuse of Orcas, by using the story of Tilikum. Tilikum’s story begins in 1983. In his remorseful interview, John Crowe tells the story of capturing Tilikum and other Orcas. He states, â€Å"it’s like kidnapping a little kid from his mother† (Blackfish, John Crowe). Tilikum was one of the largest Orcas ever captured at two years old he was roughly 12 feet long. He was sold to a park named Sealand of the Pacific. Tilikum remained at this park for about 7 years. According to an article on the PETA2 website by Kim Johnson â€Å"on February 21st, 1991 Sealand trainer Keltie Byrne fell into the pool containing Tilikum, he dragged her to the bottom and she drowned.† (Kim Johnson) Shortly after this event Sealand closed and Tilikum was sold to SeaWorld. At SeaWorld Tilikum was kept in a pool with 2 other Orcas. The problem was that Tilikum was from a different family then the other two. Blackfish interviews Eric Walters a former SeaWorld Trainer who states â€Å"during certain times of the year he would be co vered with rakes, these are teeth to teeth scratches on the skin †¦ his entire body would be covered with them† (Blackfish) This shows that the animals really did not get a long the 2 females would gang up on Tilikum and attack him throughout the night while they were in storage. This would cause Tilikum to be more aggressive. The film goes on to explain that although Tilikum showed aggressive behavior at times, he was still used in shows and trainer were still allowed to enter the pool with him. This resulted in two more deaths, first Daniel P. Dukes in 1999 and Dawn Brancheau in 2010. SeaWorld played off Daniel Dukes death as an accidental drowning due to his own discourse. They claimed he was a mentally ill person who had gotten into the park afterhours and slipped into the pool and drown. In multiple interviews with former SeaWorld trainers conducted in the Blackfish film they contradicted the official SeaWorld statement. They said that there was evidence that Tilikum had drowned him just as he done to Keltie Byrne at Sealand. SeaWorld also blamed Dawn’s death on herself. Saying that it was her fault and she wasn’t supposed to be in the pool. This event lead to Tilikum being kept in a small pool in isolation for nearly a year. After that Tilikum was allowed to be used in shows again, but he was transferred to SeaWorld Florida. This is where the story of Tilikum ends in Blackfish, in January 2017 Tilikum died. Blackfish does an extremely good job at telling us how SeaWorld treats their animals and, even after multiple incidents allowed people to interact with the dangerous animals. Blackfish uses the story of Tilikum to show us multiple wrong doings and lies that come from SeaWorld. The film did have a large effect on SeaWorld after it was released to DVD and became widely popular. This was known as the â€Å"Blackfish effect† SeaWorlds stock dropped drastically as did park attendance. The film did a very good job at teaching us a little bit about whales. It teaches us about Orcas families known as Pods, their lifespans in the wild, dorsal collapse and shows us how they are aggressive in the wild as well. For about 3 years after the film was released SeaWorld had no response to it. Eventually SeaWorld created a website as response to Blackfish, this site is named â€Å"SeaWorld Cares† on the website they state, â€Å"The film relies on animal rights activists masquerading as scientists.† (SeaWorld Cares) and â€Å"The film spins an entirely fictitious account of Dawn Brancheau’s death in order to advance its anti-captivity narrative.† (SeaWorld Cares) SeaWorld felt that, because they scientist loved animals and testified against SeaWorld in a court case with OSHA, they were not real scientist. One of the most important scientists interviewed was Kenneth C. BALCOMB who is the founder and lead investigator at the Center for Whale Research. According to the Center for Whale Research website â€Å"Kenneth C. Balcomb spent 12 years sailing around the Atlantic Ocean following whales and studying them† (Center for Whale Research) This already shows that the SeaWorld Cares website is lying to try to brush the Blackfish film under the rug. In Blackfish they show us multiple lies that SeaWorld has their employees tell visitors such as, Dorsal fin collapse happens in about 50% of all male Orcas and they have a much lower mortality rate in captivity. In the article The Truth about ‘The Truth about Blackfish’ it states that â€Å"in the wild, only 1-5% of male orcas in populations have fully collapsed dorsal fins.† (David Neiwert). The article also states that â€Å"Their annual mortality rate was more than two and a half times higher in captivity than in the wild† (David Neiwert). In conclusion Blackfish does a fantastic job showing the truth about SeaWorld and Tilikum’s life story. It uses multiple scenes which prey on emotions and gets the viewer to feel sympathetic to the animals and how they are traded. The film employs reputable scientist to prove every statement it makes. The previous trainers interviewed in the film are all based on personal and first-hand experiences with Tilikum and other Orca’s at SeaWorld. Remember that next time you are thinking of going to SeaWorld, think of this review and the truth behind SeaWorld and the story of Tilikum Barrett-Lennard, Lance G., et al. â€Å"Predation on Gray Whales and Prolonged Feeding on Submerged Carcasses by Transient Killer Whales at Unimak Island, Alaska.† Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 421, 2011, pp. 229–241. JSTOR, JSTOR, jstor.org/stable/24874414. Blackfish. Directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite. Magnolia Pictures, 2013. â€Å"Truth about Blackfish.† SeaWorld Cares, 2015, https://seaworldcares.com/the-facts/truth-about-blackfish/. Center for Whale Research. The Center for Whale Research Non-Profit Organization, 1976, https://www.whaleresearch.com/about-orcas Accessed 11 Nov. 2018. David Neiwert. â€Å"The Truth about ‘The Truth about Blackfish’ † The dodo, 7 May 2014, https://www.thedodo.com/the-truth-about-the-truth-abou-540025703.html Johnson Kim. â€Å"Tilikum’s Life Story Will Bring You to Tears† PETA2, 06 Jan. 2017, https://www.peta2.com/news/tilly-seaworld/ Accessed 2 Dec. 2018. Zaveri Mihir. â€Å"SeaWorld Agrees to Pay $5 Million in ‘Blackfish Effect’ Case† The New York Times, 19 Sept. 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/19/business/seaworld-blackfish-fine.html Accessed 25 Nov. 2018.

The Portrayal of Otherworldly Spaces

The Portrayal of Otherworldly Spaces One of the main motivations, which prompt people to read fiction-novels and to watch movies, which contain the motifs of otherworldliness, is the fact that, while being exposed to these literary and cinematographic works, individuals are being often able to confirm the validity of their unconscious anxieties, as to what accounts for the true essence of a surrounding reality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Portrayal of Otherworldly Spaces specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In its turn, this usually helps people to attain the sensation of an ‘existential wholesonmess’ when they come in a close touch with a number of socially suppressed truths about what may be considered the actual significance of their life-experiences. The Freudian concept of ‘uncanny’ comes in particularly handy, when it comes to discussing the significance of fictitious representations of otherworldliness, â€Å"An un canny experience occurs either when infantile complexes which have been repressed are once more revived by some impression, or when primitive beliefs which have been surmounted seem once more to be confirmed† (Freud 57). Therefore, it makes a perfect logical sense to discuss these representations as such that are being reflective of the workings of people’s unconscious psyche. In this paper, I will aim to do just that, in regards to the motifs of otherworldliness, which can be found in George Lucas’s 1977 film Star War: A New Hope and Steven King’s 1977 novel The Shining. The foremost aspect of how the unworldly reality is being depicted in Lucas’s movie is the fact that, while being exposed to it, viewers are being prompted to establish dialectical links between what they get to see on the screen and what accounts for the essence of their socialization-related experiences, in a real life. The validity of this statement can be well illustrated in re lation to the film’s scene, in which the characters of Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) and Obi-Wan Kenobi (Alec Guinness) end up confronting aliens and mutated humans in the bar, on the planet of Tatooine (00.46.37). Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There can be few doubts as to the fact that there are strongly defined motifs of the Freudian ‘uncanny’ to this particular scene, because it relates to the White viewers’ unconscious fear of multiculturalism. After all, it does not represent much of a secret that even many open-minded Whites in Western countries, where the policy of multiculturalism had attained an official status, do not exhibit much of an enthusiasm, while being required to take an active part in the ‘celebration of diversity’. Hence, their tendency to prefer residing in a racially secluded ‘white suburbia’ , as opposed to residing amidst the representatives of racial minorities in ethnic ‘ghettos’. Therefore, while exposed to the scene, in which the alien-looking representatives of an ‘intergalactic scum’ are picking upon the characters of Luke Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi, many viewers confirm the validity of their rationally suppressed fear of venturing in places, where ethnically diverse individuals can be found in particularly large numbers. There are two mutually exclusive aspects of how people experience the ‘uncanny’ – they are being simultaneously encouraged and discouraged to rationalize their unconscious anxieties, in regards to the potential dangers of the unknown. Apparently, Steven King was well aware of it, which is why he used to say that it is being in the very nature of just about every individual to expect that even thoroughly conventional settings conceal subliminal horrors. Therefore, it does not come as a particular su rprise that King’s novel contains scenes, in which Danny’s otherworldly daydreaming becomes ‘uncanny’ to an extent that readers simply cannot help but having their attention solely focused on the plot’s unraveling – quite contrary to the fact that they do realize that what they are about to read may well scare them to death.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Portrayal of Otherworldly Spaces specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, there is a memorable scene in the novel when Danny is having a vision of streams of blood starting to pour down on the floor out of the elevator doors (King 161). This scene’s ‘uncanny’ appeal is being concerned with the fact that the author was able to take a certain advantage of the readers’s subliminal tendency to associate the color red with blood. Therefore, even though readers do get to experience a certain ho rror, while being exposed to this scene, on an unconscious level, they nevertheless do not perceive the concerned plot’s twist as being thoroughly unrealistic. This is because, prior to having this vision, Danny stared at the red-colored elevator doors for a long time. Yet, the prolonged staring at ominously looking red doors can never bring any good – people’s unconscious psyche never ceases being aware of it. The fact that the portrayal of otherworldly spaces in movies serves the purpose of prompting viewers to come to terms with their fear of the unknown can also be explored in regards to another scene in Lucas film, in which Luke Skywalker, Princess Lea (Carrie Fisher) and Han Solo (Harrison Ford) find themselves trapped in the Imperial spaceship’s garbage-compartment (01.21.43). While there, they realize that is a some kind of dangerous creature is lurking underneath the murky water. Yet, even though that a good part of the concerned action involves all three characters trying to figure out what they are being faced with, the creature never shows itself. The only part of this creature that viewers get to see is its tentacle. This, of course, results in the intensification of viewers’ fears of the unknown even further, because it is specifically the unknown types of danger, which people tend to perceive as being particularly dangerous. It appears that by exposing viewers to this particular scene, Lucas was able to strengthen the acuteness of their ‘uncanny’ experiences, which in turn increased the film’s cinematographic appeal rather dramatically – in full accordance with Freud’s outlook on the subject matter.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The same can be said about the scene in King’s novel, in which Danny realizes the fact that his nightmares of being chased by a person with an ax in his hands were bound to come to reality, â€Å"It was the place he had seen in the midst of the blizzard†¦ The place Tony had warned him against. It was here. It was here. Whatever Redrum was, it was here† (69). The clearly ‘uncanny’ undertones to Danny’s earlier mentioned realization are being thoroughly apparent, because the author made a deliberate point in emphasizing the unknown subtleties of Redrum, which in turn increased the extent of this scene emotional intensity. Apparently, King wanted readers to remain in the state of suspense, for as long as possible. This is the reason why, every time the novel’s characters come in a close touch with the emanations of otherworldliness, they can never they can never grasp the true significance of their experiences, in this respect. The manner i n which Freudian ‘uncanny’ is being explored in movies that contain strongly defined otherworldly motifs, often serves the purpose of allowing viewers to experience the sensation of Dà ©j vu. In its turn, this strengthens the extent of their commitment to perceiving the plot’s unraveling as such that does in fact relate to their own positioning in life. For example, there are a number of scenes in Lucas’s film, in which Imperial officers act in a particularly cold-blooded manner, while refusing to consider other people’s feelings. These scenes, of course, were meant to trigger in viewers the same set of emotions that they get to experience, while reflecting upon the historical legacy of Nazi Germany. Therefore, it is not a pure coincidence the Imperial officers’ uniforms resemble those that used to be worn by Nazis – especially riding breeches, as seen on the screenshot below. Apparently, the director did strive to prompt viewers to construct their attitude towards the representatives of the ‘dark side’, in regards to what accounted for the discursive significance of Imperial soldiers’ physical appearance and the qualitative essence of their psychological inclinations. In its turn, this explains the popularity of this film’s most otherworldly character – Darth Vader. Even though that, throughout the movie’s entirety, Darth Vader rarely talks, viewers nevertheless are able to get a good clue, as what kind of an individual he really is. The reason for this is quite apparent – despite the character’s otherworldly appearance, people can well recognize him as a person who represents currently suppressed (due to considerations of political correctness), but discursively legitimate masculine virtues of loyalty and cold-heartedness. Essentially the same line of reasoning can be applied, when it comes to discussing the significance of Dà ©j vu–invoking scene s in King’s novel, concerned with otherworldliness. The scene, in which the character of Jack Torrance walks in the ballroom, filled with the ghosts of people that were alive during the Great Depression, exemplifies the point. This is because, the appearance of these ghosts (or mental constructs, which existed solely within Jack’s brain) cannot be discussed outside of the fact that the era of the Great Depression has been traditionally associated with the notion of moral depravity, â€Å"A woman in gauzy harem pants and a rhinestone-sparkled brassiere, a man with a foxhead rising slyly out of his evening dress, a man in a silvery dog outfit who was tickling the nose of a woman in a sarong with the puff on the end of his long tail† (405). What it means is that, even before Jack turns into a bloodthirsty psycho, the earlier mentioned scene provided readers with an unconsciously-felt indication that this eventual development was indeed bound to occur. Apparently, w hile being prompted to construct images of fancifully dressed people drinking and laughing, readers get to experience a Dà ©j vu sensation that there is something utterly short-lived about these partying individuals. After all, on an unconscious level, we all know that the intensity of a particular sensual pleasure corresponds to the extent of this pleasure’s lengthiness in a counter-geometrical progression. Thus, the portrayal of an otherworldly space in this particular scene was meant to confirm the validity of readers’ growing suspicion that Jack was actually on the path of a mental self-destruction. Freud, Zigmund. The Uncanny, London: Penguin Books Limited, 2003. Print. King, Steven. The Shining, New York: Gallery Books, 2002. Print. Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. Ex. Prod. George Lucas: 20th Century Fox. 1977. DVD.

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

International Business - Essay Example French government started paying much attention to the issue. For example, the president Jacque Chirac as well as prime minister Lionel Jospin always emphasized the necessity to introduce more effective methods directed at market regulation in the conditions of globalization. Jospin allowed foreign organizations to buy the parts of the French companies, which were owned by the state. Thus, the company Air France was partially sold in 1998. This testifies about many changes, which were happened to France. The government of France considers cultural diversity to be a positive phenomenon that should be supported, but in general the politics of the country is directed at slowing down the globalization. France is very much concerned about the influence the globalization imposes and is looking for various ways to regulate this influence (Globalization). The protest against globalization is so active in France that not only the government but also plain people take part in this protest. A perfect example is breaking a McDonald’s symbol by a sheep farmer Jose Bove in defense of French traditions. In the survey on the issue 45% of respondent approved his actions and only 4% were against (Gordon & Meunier, 2001). It is essential to mention that French citizens do not see any difference in â€Å"globalization† and â€Å"Americanization†. Really the phenomenon under consideration is associated with â€Å"Americanization† because of the influence the international English language, high economic development, liberal policies and the influence the development of American politics, economy, technology and values impose on other countries. It is possible to state that though France is fighting against globalization, at the same time it is adjusting to its influence and moreover, takes all possible benefits from it . Economic domain is a

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Research Paper Example Since other fibromyalgia, CNS diseases, autoimmune diseases and infections disease can present with involvement of multisystem disease, when diagnosis of SLE is being carried out, there is need to consider the possibilities of these other conditions. The disease is a multi-factorial, multisystem, chronic, and rarely life-threatening illness with environment, genetic and hormonal origins (Robinson, Sheets & Currie, 2011). It can also affect any part of the body including blood cells, nervous system, skin, joints, and kidneys. Mostly, women aged 15-40 years are largely associated with SLE. Predominance of SLE In the U.S, the incidence levels reported annually is approximately 5.2% in every 100,000 people. The frequency of the disease differs with ethnicity and race. High rates of SLE are seen in women who are in the childbearing age. Higher rates of SLE have been reported in Hispanic and black people with an estimated 40 in every 100,000 white people in Rochester, Minnesota while in No gales, Arizona a 100 Hispanics in every 100,000 have the disease. However, there is less prevalence reported in the Northern Europe region, but the disease is mostly common in African Americans. Mina & Brunner (2010) also proposed that in an estimated number of 10 in 20% of the patients with SLE experience the disease prior adulthood. In international statistics, highest predominance levels have been report in Afro-Caribbean, Martinique, Italy, United Kingdom and Spain population. Even though the disease is seen more in the black people who reside in United Kingdom, it is less common in those who are in Africa. This has been attributed to environmental influences (Patel et al., 2006). However, in terms of race, the black women possess a higher likelihood of getting the disease than white women and Asians. One in every two hundred and fifty African American women is reported to have the disease showing how widespread the disease is in women Furthermore, the highest predominance rates are seen in ninety percent of the female population while the prevalence rates are considerably lower in the male population. Older men are affected by the disease compared to younger men but generally lupus is seen in very low rates among the male population (Alarcon et al., 2004). The death causes are mostly attributed to cardiovascular disease, organ failure, infections and active disease. The survival rate has progressed signifying that milder cases of SLE are being recognized. Over the past period of four years, the survival rate of patients with the disease has increased to 80% as opposed to that of the last fifteen years which was 50% showing that there is some progress in research. Pathophysiology Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus usually have a complicated range of abnormalities concerning their body defense system. SLE is connected with triggering 2 key components of the adaptive immunity, T and B cells (Alarcon et al., 2004). The abnormalities which target the a daptive immune system consist of production of autoantibodies as well as defective killing of T-Cells. In patients with SLE, the T cells usually express a smaller amount of IL-2. This is the main cytokine for differentiation, activation and proliferation of T-cells. The T-cells in SLE patients have a problem with signaling responses which result to the small IL-2 and CD3 amount. These abnormalities cause a decreased cytotoxic activity. Moreover, there is an incapability to repress